TL;DR — Quick Answer Mediation and moderation answer two different questions about a relationship between variables. Mediation asks how or why X affects Y — it identifies a third variable (M) that carries the effect, so X influences M, and M in turn influences Y. Moderation asks when or for whom X affects Y — […]
Read More →TL;DR — Quick Answer Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is a statistical technique that tests an entire theoretical model at once — measuring latent constructs from observed items and estimating the relationships between those constructs simultaneously. It combines two parts: the measurement model (Confirmatory Factor Analysis, which checks that your survey items actually measure the constructs […]
Read More →MK — Dr. Madhuri Kanojiya, Founder & Director · Empire Research Press Most researchers meet the t-test and ANOVA first, run into a dataset that breaks their assumptions, and only then discover there’s an entire parallel set of statistical tests built for exactly that situation. Non-parametric tests don’t get the spotlight parametric tests do, but […]
Read More →TL;DR — Quick Answer Cronbach’s alpha (α) is the most widely used measure of internal consistency reliability — it tells you how closely the items in a multi-item scale hang together as a measure of one construct. Alpha ranges from 0 to 1, and the conventional benchmark is that 0.70 or above is acceptable, 0.80+ […]
Read More →TL;DR — Quick Answer The t-test, ANOVA, and chi-square test are the three most commonly used statistical tests in research, and each answers a different kind of question. A t-test compares the means of two groups on a continuous variable (e.g., do male and female employees differ in average job satisfaction?). ANOVA extends this to […]
Read More →TL;DR — Quick Answer SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a widely used software application for managing and analysing quantitative data. It lets researchers enter data, run statistical tests, and produce tables and charts through a menu-driven interface — without needing to write code. SPSS is popular in the social sciences, business, and […]
Read More →TL;DR — Quick Answer Regression analysis is a statistical method that models the relationship between one outcome variable and one or more predictor variables, allowing you to explain and predict outcomes. In simple terms, it answers the question: “How does Y change as X changes?” Simple linear regression uses one predictor; multiple regression uses several. […]
Read More →TL;DR — Quick Answer Descriptive statistics summarise and describe the data you actually have, while inferential statistics use that data to draw conclusions about a larger population. Descriptive statistics include measures like the mean, median, range, and standard deviation, along with charts and tables — they tell you what your data look like. Inferential statistics, […]
Read More →TL;DR — Quick Answer Choosing the right statistical test depends on four things: your research question, the type of variables you have, the number of groups or variables involved, and whether your data meet the assumptions for parametric tests. In short — decide whether you are comparing groups, looking for relationships, or predicting outcomes; identify […]
Read More →TL;DR — Quick Answer Correlation means two variables are related — they tend to change together. Causation means one variable actually causes a change in the other. The crucial principle is that correlation does not imply causation: just because two things are related does not mean one causes the other. A correlation can arise from […]
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